Evolution Of The Laptops - Notebook

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History of laptops or notebooks starting in 1968, when the designers at Xerox PARC have made a prototype laptop called the Dynabook. That was the beginning of the mobile-computing history.

End of 2008, for the first time in history, laptop sales surpassed desktop sales.

Dynabook

Alan Key in 1968 to design a prototype of what he called "PC for children of all ages". Kay wanted to create a portable computer that thin, weighing about 1 kg, and has a screen that size is approaching the size of the paper. (Kay mentions that he needs a screen with 1 million pixels.)

Less lucky, the technology required to produce this tool was not developed at that time. So Kay's vision of the Dynabook can not be realized.


Portable Teletype

40 years ago, a computer filled a room size, and has a lower processor capabilities than smartphones now. Nevertheless, the dream of a portable computer is already there.

March 1968 is not possible to carry a computer, but ketiknya tool can be made portable. That is a Teletype interface, artificial KSR-33 Teletype Corporation.

This tool is used to send what was typed from one location to the Teletype machines in other locations as far apart. It weighs about 30 kg. You can watch a video about the KSR-33 on YouTube.

Osborne 1

In 1981, the first portable computers eventually emerge. Osborne Computer Corp. computer maker, designed the Osborne 1. This portable computer has a screen with a diagonal 5 ", and has a bag carriers.

This machine has two disks for a floppy-disk drives. It cost $ 1,795 including software and weighs about 10 kg.

Grid Compass 1100

This portable computer is the first to use the fold, namely using clam-shell technique. Originally designed for NASA, and made available to general consumers in 1982.

Grid Compass 1100 weighs 5.5 kg, with 340KB of memory. It cost $ 8,000 including software and maintenance agreements (some sort of warranty).

But these machines do not last long in the market, because it is not compatible with IBM. (At that time the popular IBM PC compatible.)

IBM PC Convertible

In 1985, many observers wondered whether the technology concept of the laptop will last a long time. In an article in the New York Times, Erik Sandberg-Diment question "what is happening with the laptop?" Once he saw a reduction in the number of laptop usage in Comdex computer exhibition since 1983 to 1985.

But in 1986, IBM introduced the IBM PC Convertible sold in the market. With a price of $ 1995, this laptop is the first laptops successful on the market. And is the first IBM machine that uses a disk drive to a floppy-disk size of 3.5 ".

It weighs 5.5 kg and has a 256KB memory. There are two disk drives, use the LCD screen, a parallel port for printers, and basic software.


Compaq SLT/286

October 1988, Compaq made its debut with SLT/286. The first portable computer that uses a VGA screen (640 x 480 pixels).

Weighing 6.3 kg, with a 20MB hard drive, 12MHz processor. The keyboard can be removed from the body of the laptop. This is the first portable computer that is compact enough to carry in flight.




Apple PowerBook 100

The next leap after Compaq SLT/286 is Apple PowerBook 100, which appeared in 1991. This laptop is made by Sony for Apple, and use the trackball as a mouse replacement.

This laptop has a palm rest (armrest) for convenience. Then the palm rest became a standard feature for all laptops.

PowerBook 100 using 16MHz processor, 16 bit CPU and 2MB RAM (which can be expanded up to 8MB). 20MB of hard disk, screen 640x480 pixel passive-matrix, and a mono speaker. It weighs about 7 kg, and the price is $ 2500.

IBM ThinkPad

In late 1992, IBM mimic a compact design with the introduction of the PowerBook series ThinPad IBM. The most famous version is the ThinkPad 700C, using Windows 3.1 operating system, and has a 120MB HDD.

Using an Intel CPU 486SLC 25MHz. Active-matrix TFT screen is 10.4 ". For pointing, used little red sticks.




Apple PowerBook 500

In 1988, George Gerpheide found the touchpad on the capacitance. But this technology has not yet appeared on the laptop until 1994. Apple PowerBook 500 was the first to use the touchpad. Apple calls it the trackpad, which is immediately followed by another vendor.

PowerBook 500 Series consists of four models: 520, 520c, 540 and basically wear 540c.Spesifikasi 25MHz processor, 4MB RAM (36MB maximum), the screen is 9.5 ". HDDs up to 320MB, the size is pretty amazing for that period.

Toshiba Portege T3400

One and a half years before the appearance of Windows 95, early 1994, Toshiba came with its first laptop. There are two models in the Portege T3400 series, namely monochrome screen for $ 2599, and active-matrix color screen for $ 3900. Both use Windows 3.1

Toshiba advertise it as a subnotebook, with the sleek look, and gray are fashionable. Battery wear a high-power lithium ion, referred to that time as the cutting edge of mobile energy technology. T3400 can switched on for 6 hours. Battery can be recharged for 3 hours to full in a state of the machine is turned off, or as long as 80-10 hours if in a state of life.

Intel 486SX processor used, with 4MB RAM (20MB max), and 120MB HDD. This laptop also has a PCMCIA slot for extra memory. It weighs 1.8 kg.


Panasonic Toughbook CF-25

In 1996, when most computer makers led to a model of a leaner and faster, trying to make the Panasonic laptop layered thick and break-resistance. The result is a Toughbook CF-25, the first model from Panasonic Toughbook solid (which still continues to this day).

CF-25 is designed to withstand falls from a height of 2 feet (about 60 cm or as high as a table) and immune to dust and moisture resistant. The first model Toughbook wearing aluminum alloy casing.

Intel Pentium I 166Mhz processor, with a maximum of 96MB of RAM, and 1GB HDD. This laptop is suitable for use in harsh environments such as battlefields.


Apple iBook G3

Apple iBook G3 is one of the innovative ideas from Steve Jobs. At Macworld Expo in New York in 1999, Steve Jobs wowed everyone when brought to the stage and put the iBook to surf the Internet.

That's the first laptop that uses wireless-card. Jobs claimed G3 portable computer as the second fastest in the world. The first one he claims is the fastest Apple PowerBook.

Apple iBook G3 also comes with colorful refreshing.



Sony PictureBook

Apple is stunningly beautiful world with style and wireless networking. But the iSight camera that is now in the MacBook, first appeared on a laptop with Windows 98. In 1999, Sony launched the VAIO C1 PictureBook with a price of $ 2299.

VAIO laptop weighs 1.4 kg. Quite compact and has a bult-in camera that can record still images and moving video to 60 seconds.

PictureBook is also the beginning of what is now (a decade later) is known as netbooks. Its thickness is only 1.45 ", and do not use either an external floppy drive or CD-ROM.


XO OLPC (one laptop per child)

Asus Eee PC netbook is widely known as an innovation in late 2007. But, in 2005, long before the advent of the Asus Eee, has introduced the concept of Nicholas Negroponte $ 100 laptop at the World Economic Forum (a non-profit Swiss foundation) in Davoz, Switzerland.

Negroponte's dream is gradually becoming XO OLPC (one laptop per child) with Internet access capabilities that are sold at a price of $ 200. When the OLPC XO offers give-one/get-one scheme in late 2007, the enthusiasm for further soared this computer.

Intel and Microsoft quickly followed the path XO, super-cheap and super-portable. Then a sudden netbook into a very fast growing segment in the computer market.

Apple MacBook Air

The early 21st century, the laptop started to become much faster, with a large HDD sizes and better graphics capabilities. In the third quarter of 2008, for the first time in the history of laptop sales surpassed desktop sales.

Early 2008, Apple launched the Apple MacBook Air. Previously, in 2004 Sony VAIO X505 is a laptop with impressive achievements with thinness and lightness. But the MacBook Air comes with the idea of ​​"how thin a computer". With the new Intel chips and non-removable battery, but no optical drive, water became a star at Macworld 2008.


TechCrunch CrunchPad

Web tablets will likely be the next evolutionary stage in the world of portable computers. Such tablets are not yet very developed, but at least there are real products, such as artificial TechCrunch CrunchPad.

These tools form a Web tablet with Linux OS (custom built), and using the Intel Atom chipset. Has two USB ports, Webcam and mic.

The History Of Laptop / Notebook

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History Of Laptops - Although more are using the laptop, I'm sure there are still a few know about the history of which begins with Laptop Computer. Now the laptop comes with a variety of sizes, thin and that measures 8 "with a weight of less than 1kilogram.

The following history :

Computer Idea

Before the laptop was introduced technique, the idea of ​​portable computers that have been raised by Alan Kay. This can be seen on the Dynabook concept, developed by Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Centre) in the early 1970's. This concept is the development of a prototype Alto which is also done by Xerox PARC.

The first portable computer was marketed commercially Osborne 1, developed in 1981. This computer is the first computer that can be taken anywhere even when using it we have to connect it with the power house. With a slim CRT screen size of 5 "and weighs 23.5 pounds (12 kg), the computer is using CP / M Operating System and comes with a 4 MHz Z80 CPU, main memory 65 kilobytes, and floppy disk drives.

Compaq

COMPAQ Laptop 1983

In 1983 Compaq released its first product which is also quite successful, the Compaq Portable. This product is an IBM clone computer, because at that time IBM was the standard program for all computers. This computer is more easily carried when compared with the Osborne 1 because it is lighter. Used the same operating system with the Osborne 1, the CP / M OS. Also this computer also runs MS-DOS programs.

Epson

Other computers are also issued this year was the Epson HX-20. This product actually began to be developed in 1981, but its launch has just been implemented in 1983.

Computers that fall into this category of handheld computers using the full keyboard with 68 keys, batteries, nickel cadmium (NiCD) rechargeable, dot-matrix LCD screen with a resolution of 120 x 32 pixels. This screen capable of displaying four lines with each line containing 20 characters. In addition, there are MS-BASIC and RAM as much as 16 kibibyte which can be enlarged to 32 kibibyte.

The existence of a laptop that can be debated starting with the launch of the GRiD Compass 1101, April 1982. Computers are designed by Bill Moggridge of the British Industrial in 1979. The material used to make a magnesium shell model taking (Clamshell). With this computer model can be closed with the screen position is above and dealing with the keyboard.

Epson Laptop

This laptop uses an Intel 8086, electroluminescent display (CGA) with a resolution of 320 x 200 pixels and 384 kilobytes of bubble memory. It also uses a modem with a speed of 1200 bits per second. Hardrive and floppy disks connected using 488 I / O (known as GPIB = General Purpose Bus Instrumental). The operating system used was GRID-OS.

Computers that are issued by the GRID Systems Corp.. This, during the 1980's used by NASA and the U.S. army. In 1988 GRIDD Systems Corp.. taken over by Tandy Corporation (RadioShack).

In 1983 the newly issued new computers sold in 1984, the Sharp PC-500 and the Gavilan SC. Gavilan is the first portable computer that uses the name 'laptop'. Both computers are using the same model with the GRiD Compass, the shell model. Both had LCD displays, and can be connected to optional external printers.

Top sellers

Kyocera Kyotronic 85

In 1983 also launched a computer capable of performing the most sales for the first time in the history of laptops, namely Kyocera Kyotronic 85. This laptop was quickly licensed by Tandy Corporation., Olivetti, and NEC. They saw its great potential for success as TRS-80 Model 100 (or Tandy 100), Olivetti M-10, NEC PC-8201.

This machine is operated with standard AA batteries. The Tandy's built with a BASIC program, text editor, and a terminal program, provided by Microsoft and written by Bill Gates. Also applied also tiltable LCD screen with 8 x 40 characters and an internal modem.

In terms of ease of carry, battery life and long service, and the price is cheap, the computer is becoming a favorite among journalists. It weighed more than 2 kg with dimensions of 30 x 21.5 x 4.5 cm (12 "x 8.5" x 1.75 "). Also this laptop use by 8 KiB RAM is expandable to 24 KB, and a 3 MHz processor.

IBM

On 3 April 1986 IBM launched the first laptop with a commercial purpose, namely the IBM PC Convertible. This laptop is equipped with a 3.5 "floppy disk drive which is a standard device. The processor used is Intel 80c88, which is a CMOS version of Intel 8088, which operates at 4.77 MHz. In it there are also 256 KiB of RAM that can be enlarged to 512 KiB. With LCD display and weighing 13 pounds, the computer is equipped with a handle that makes it easier to carry. This laptop uses a battery as its power source.

IBM PC Convertible

Paa 1987, Toshiba launched two products at once, the T1000 and T1200. Although limited to just using the DOS operating system stored in ROM, two models from Toshiba has a very small and lightweight so that the load to be carried in a backpack. It also uses lead-acid batteries.

In 1987 the U.S. Air Force contract offers to make a laptop in large numbers, reaching 200,000 units. Competition for this contract fight occurred between the laptop industry is large, such as IBM, Toshiba, Compaq, NEC, and Zenith Data Systems (ZDS).

ZDS which had earlier won an agreement with the IRS for its Z-171, was awarded this contract for its, supersport. Supersport is equipped with the Intel 8086 processor, dual floppy disk drives, backlit, the screen is blue and white STN LCD, and NiCD batteries. For the next processor used is an Intel 80286 processor with 20 MB hard drive. This makes the ZDS became the largest supplier of laptops during the period 1987 to 1988.

To fulfill this contract, ZDS partnered with Tottori Sanyo's conduct to provide them. This is the first collaboration between a brand known for its OEM (Original Equipment Manufacture) from Asia. Furthermore, many well-known computer manufacturers who work closely with OEMs from Asia, like Compaq and Citizen.

It also resulted in the growing OEMs in Asia, such as Chicon, Acer, Quanta, Compal, Twinhead, Sanyo, Tottori Sanyo, Citizen, and Casio.

In 1988 was launched by the Cambridge Z88 Cambridge Computer. This computer was designed by Sir Clive Sinclair, the shape of A4 paper. This computer uses the power of a standard battery and comes with a basic spreadsheet, word processor, and communications programs. This laptop was the forerunner of making PDAs.

NEC and Apple Computer

NEC Ultralit

In 1989 two different companies, NEC and Apple Computer, launched a laptop each, namely NEC and Apple Machintosh Ultralit Portable. Nec Ultralit launched in mid 1989. This laptop is probably the first notebook manufactured by NEC. This laptop has a weight of not less than 2 kg. On this computer in it has been there the hard drive and RAM by 2 mebibyte.

Apple Machintosh Ultralit Portable

Portable Machintosh launched by Apple Computer has a clear active matrix display and a battery that can last a long time. Unfortunately with these conditions, relatively poor sales of the Mac Portable. This is due to the form of Portable Macs are less attractive.

Series laptops of Apple Computer, Apple Power Books, was launched in 1991. This is the de facto standard laptops that continue to survive until now. This can be seen on the placement of the keyboard, the availability of the palm rest, and trackball.

The next Power Series Books for the first time using the display to 256 colors (Power Books output 165c-1993), touchpad, and 16-bit voice recorder. In addition, there are Ethernet Network Adapter (Power Books 500 series output in 1994).

Spring of 1995 was a significant turning point in the history of notebook computers. In August 1995, Microsoft introduced Windows 95. This is the first time Microsoft have full control on the management operating system (operating system). Windows 95 is suitable for application on an Intel Pentium processor and in accordance with the existing ROM on notebooks.

The Definition Of Laptop / Notebook

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The Definition Of  Laptops (also known as notebook / powerbook) is a portable computer (small and can be taken anywhere with ease) are integrated in a casing.

Weighing ranges from 1 to 6 pounds depending on size, materials and specifications. The power source comes from the battery or A / C adapter that can be used to recharge the batteries and turn on the laptop itself. Laptop batteries usually last about 1 to 6 hours depending on how the use of, specifications, and battery size.

As personal computers, laptops have the same functionality with the Computer Desktop albeit with a lower capacity. Components contained therein are similar to those found on the Computer Desktop with a reduced size, lighter, not hot, and economical electricity.

Laptops mostly use LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) measuring 10 inches to 17 inches depending on the size of the laptop itself. In addition, the keyboard found on the laptop also comes with a touchpad, also known as a trackpad which functions as a driver of a mouse cursor. Additional Keyboard and Mouse can be plugged via the USB socket.

These components are designed to accommodate the portability of the laptop itself. The main properties owned by the components of the laptop is a small size, low energy consumption, and efficient.

Unlike the desktop computer, portable computer having supporting components that are designed specifically to accommodate the portable nature of laptops. The main properties owned by the components of the laptop is a small size, low energy consumption, and efficient.

Portable computers are usually more expensive, depending on the brand and specifications of its constituent components, however the price of a portable computer was getting closer to the desktop along with the increasing levels of consumer demand.

A laptop is a personal computer designed for mobile use and small and light enough to sit on someone's lap while in use. A laptop integrates most of the typical components of a desktop computer, including a display, a keyboard, a pointing device (a touchpad, also known as a trackpad, and / or a pointing stick), speakers, and often include a battery, in one small unit and lightweight.


The rechargeable battery (if present) is charged from an AC adapter and typically stores enough energy to run the laptop for two to three hours in its initial state, Depending on the configuration and power management of the computer. The rechargeable battery (if any) charged from an AC adapter and typically stores enough energy to run a laptop for two to three hours in the initial state, depending on the configuration and management of computer resources.

Usually shaped like a large laptop notebook with a thickness between 0.7 to 1.5 inches (18-38 mm) and dimensions ranging from 10x8 inches (27x22cm, 13 "display) to 15x11 inches (39x28cm, 17" display) and up. Modern laptop weight 3-12 pounds (1.4 to 5.4 kg); older laptops are usually more severe.

Most laptops are designed in the flip form factor to protect the screen and keyboard when closing . Modern tablet laptops have a complex joint between the keyboard and the screen housing, allowing the panel swivel screen and then lay down on the keyboard housing. They usually have a touchscreen display and some include handwriting recognition or graphics drawing capability.

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